Undefined Behavior (UB)

Undefined behavior in C++ arises when a program violates the rules defined by the C++ standard, leading to unpredictable and unspecified outcomes. This can stem from actions such as accessing uninitialized variables, dereferencing null pointers, performing out-of-bounds memory access, or dividing by zero. The compiler is free to interpret such situations in any manner, potentially resulting in crashes, incorrect results, or even security vulnerabilities, making its avoidance a critical aspect of writing robust and reliable C++ code.