Heaps, Stacks, and Queues

Heaps, stacks, and queues are fundamental data structures used to organize and manage data efficiently based on specific rules of access. A stack follows the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle, where the last element added is the first one removed, similar to a stack of plates. A queue operates on a First-In, First-Out (FIFO) basis, where the first element added is the first one removed, much like people waiting in a line. A heap is a specialized tree-based structure that maintains a specific order, typically allowing for the quick retrieval of either the smallest or largest element, making it ideal for priority-based tasks.